Three Types Of Speeches Essays - Communication, Pseudolistening

Three Types of Speeches To answer this question I will use three types of speeches. Of those three types of speeches I will create three speeches to give. The speech formats that I will use are speeches to entertain, speeches to inform, and speeches to persuade. For my speech to entertain, I will talk about my life. For my speech to inform, I will talk about drums. For my speech to persuade, I will talk about how television violence has negative effects on children. To organize my speech to entertain, I would start by making an outline to go by. On the outline, I would separate into groups the most important parts of my life. The first group of my life that I would talk about is about me growing up and where I lived. The second group I would talk about is my interests and hobbies. The last thing I would talk about is my life right now. I would also include an introduction and a conclusion. In order to better help the listeners to visualize what I am talking about, I would bring pictures of things that have to do with my life. I would also make an overhead with the outline on it so they could follow along with the speech better. I would be sure to move around and use hand gestures to make points more clearly. This would also hold the interest of the listeners better. I think this format would be helpful to my listeners because it is very organized, and it includes many things to hold their interest. To organize my speech to inform, I would again start by making an outline. To start off, I would begin by explaining the basic parts of a drum set and what they do. I would then explain who makes the parts of the drums and cymbals. Next I would talk about how drums and cymbals are made. I would then explain what they are made of. I would again use an introduction and a conclusion. My visual aid that I would use would be an overhead containing the basic parts to a drum set. This would be so the listeners could see what I was talking about. I would also bring pictures of different drum sets. During my speech, I would be sure to move around the front of the room and use my hands while talking. I think that this format and the visual aids would be the best way to help the listeners understand the speech. For my speech to persuade, I would talk about television violence and the effects it has on children. I would start out by making an outline containing the parts of my speech. The first part would be to talk about how television violence triggers aggression in children. The second part would be how it puts fear in children. The third part I would talk about would be how children become desensitized to real world violence by watching violence on television. I would include an introduction and a conclusion in my speech as well. For a visual aid, I would use an overhead containing statistics to prove my theory. I would be sure to include in my speech the references from which I derived my information. This is important especially in a persuasive speech because the listeners are more likely to be persuaded if they can see actual statistics from authority figures. I would be sure to use hand gestures and be energetic to hold the attention of the listeners. It is very important that I hold their attention so they can see the problem as it is. To conclude this half of the assignment, I will go over the things I have just talked about. First I talked about how to do a speech of entertainment and what would make it a successful speech. Second I talked about how to do a speech of information and how to make it a successful speech. Then I talked about how to do a speech of persuasion and how to best persuade the listeners. Thank you and have a wonderful day!!!! Question 3 This question to me is a lot harder than the first one. It is one that needs a lot more

PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE GOFFMAN essays

PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE GOFFMAN essays In the The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life Goffman seeks to show the reader how everyone sets out to present themselves to the world around them, always trying to maintain the role they have selected for themselves, since those whom they meet not only try to decide what role it is you are playing, but also whether or not you are competent to play that role. More significantly, impression management is a function of social setting. Erving Goffman portrays everyday interactions as strategic encounters in which one is attempting to "sell" a particular self-imageand, accordingly, a particular definition of the situation. He refers to these activities as "face-work." Beginning by taking the perspective of one of the interactants, and he interprets the impact of that person's performances on the others and on the situation itself. He considers being in wrong face, out of face, and losing face through lack of tact, as well as savoir-faire (diplomacy or social skill), the ways a person can at tempt to save face in order to maintain self-respect, and various ways in which the person may harm the "face" of others through faux pas such as gaffes or insults (209). These conditions occur because of the existence of self presentational rules. These rules, in turn, are determined by how situations are defined. For instance, there is greater latitude in social situations than in task-oriented situations. Situations also dictate available roles and how much self-importance people can sustain. Herewith one will try to analyze two situations that reinforce the desired interpretation of self that one wishes to convey. The first performance takes place in the university environment on the first day of school. The second scene takes place at the formal wedding reception among family and friends. Both interactions describe the Goffmanian concepts and schemas that the author uses throughout his book. The first situation is portrayed in the...

Diffusion and osmosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diffusion and osmosis - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of the diffusion as the molecular process by which certain particles move from a place of higher concentration to a location of lower concentration containing those same particles. The researcher states that it moves from the higher to the lower concentration because of the concentration gradient which is the difference in concentration levels between two adjacent regions. The author has rightly presented that diffusion stops when the concentrations between these two become equal or have reached equilibrium. This essay discusses that osmosis is simply a type of diffusion in which water moves from high concentration to that of the lower water concentration. The paper tells that both processes, diffusion, and osmosis, are examples of passive transport as is shown in the figure in the paper. It means that there is no energy required to facilitate these processes. The author has rightly presented that in biology, diffusion is the simplest and easiest way to move substances (molecules, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, ions, etc.) across the cells' membranes. The basic understanding underlining the case study is that it saves unnecessary expenditure of energy which is in sharp contrast to active transport, the way by which cells move certain materials against the concentration gradient, thereby requiring the use of energy (forced movement).

Prenuptial agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prenuptial agreement - Essay Example The American belief that marriage is a contract, and they encourage divorce while in Philippine we do not encourage divorce (Saks, 2005). I would like to be or get married to a man who we share the same beliefs and moral values. I am not interested in entering to this agreement of marrying Jeremy. I am afraid to get married to Jeremy because he has been used to divorce, and he can still divorce me after we spent years. Jeremy has been financials and socially traumatised, and he can use me in order to recover the damages he encountered with the first wife. The cause of divorce has not been explained to me, and Jeremy could be the cause because even know he does not believe in staying with a woman forever. I am real afraid of marrying Jeremy and leave my people forever because he can prevent me from visiting my people at Philippines (Gottman, 2011). In this case I have the right to know the experience Jeremy had with his wife. Marriage is also a person choice, and no body should be forced in a marriage, so I have the right to marry or not to marry Jeremy (Saks, 2005). My concern in this case is about the children. Jeremy has a child, and I wonder whether he will treat my children and the other child the same. I am also concerned whether marriage with Jeremy will follow ethics, moral and values and no paper that will separate monetary and emotion (Gottman, 2011). The advantages of my decision in the case is that If I do not marry Jeremy, I will still find another man who has not been married and we share the same values. The disadvantage in this decision is that we have been dating with Jeremy for 3 years and falling to marry him will be a waste of time (Gottman,

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership Essay

Investigating the relationship between personality and Leadership - Essay Example One such example is application of the trait theory of personality to the leadership skills displayed by Jack Welch when he was the CEO of GE. The definition of personality as a group of traits owes a lot to Raymond Cattell who fully supported the idea of a personality being formed as a mixture of various elements (Statt, 2004). He presented sixteen different factors which affect human personality and considered them to be the source traits from which other traits were to be found in humans. The collection of these traits and the way a person responds to various situations creates a surface persona which we think of as the personality of an individual (Plucker, 2007). Cattell’s research shows us that personality plays a great role in how people react to situations and leaders are one group of people who often have to respond to changing situations on a rapid basis (Plucker, 2007). They may also have to guide and lead people towards a given goal, share their vision with the followers and motivate the followers when their intrinsic motivation is lacking. Such constructs of personality are certainly supported by research as well as business analysts of which Welch (2005) reports that leadership connects deeply with the personality of an individual. Leadership itself is a rather difficult term to define because many different philosophers, thinkers and even business professionals have give different meanings for it. However, the general directions given by analysts like Welch (2005), Byrne (1998) and Gardner (1995) have several common points with the definition given by House (2004) who states that the quality of leadership is, â€Å"The ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (House, 2004, Pg. 15)†. With this definition, the importance of leadership in business can be fully understood if it is applied to the

Spectrum of Benign Breast Disease and Its Management

Spectrum of Benign Breast Disease and Its Management AUTHORS: Dr.( Mrs) Archana shukla (Assistant Professor )dept of surgery Gandhi medical college, Bhopal M.P. Dr. S. S. Pal (Associated professor) dept of surgery Gandhi medical college Bhopal M.P. ABSRACT: Breast disease in females causes great deal of anxiety and fear of carcinoma and thus losing it. Not all breast diseases and lumps are carcinoma. To study this enigma of females, patients with breast symptoms were studied for 12 months of time Jan 2013 to Dec 2013 in unit iii, dept of surgery, Hamidia hospital, Gandhi medical college Bhopal. Study was conducted to determine the incidence, role of histopathology and imaging in diagnosis and management. The disease is complex group of symptoms and sign such as lump, mastalgia, nipple discharge and combination of these. This was done so as to differentiate and identify the benign group which was much larger in number. They require more counseling, assurance and education regarding benign nature and it being a developmental disorder. Such disorders if untreated may convert into disease which is more persistent. The mean age was 32 as the youngest was age of 14 yrs and the oldest was of 50 yrs of age. The commonest diagnosis was fibroadenoma followed by fibroadenosis . Tuberculosis was the most concerning disease we came across. KEYWORDS: Benign Breast Diseases, young female, fibroadenoma. INTRODUCTION: Majority of patients having sign and symptoms of breast disease fall under benign group rather than carcinoma yet carcinoma takes the precedence over it due to its fearsome nature.1,2,3,4 The benign breast disease group patients have variable symptoms including lump, lump with pain, nodularity, nipple discharge due to relative heterogeneous underlying pathology.5Breast development is governed by growth hormone and cortisol. Breast function is governed by oestrogen progesterone prolactine and oxytocin. Breast undergoes dynamic cyclic changes governed by these hormones and growth factors. 15 These hormones have profound trophic effect. These changes are seen in epithelium and stroma from onset of puberty to menopause. Estrogen have effect on ducts where as progesterone have effect on epithelium. With the onset of puberty there is decrease in sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary axis to negative feedback and increased sensitivity to positive feedback of estrogens. This initiates GnRH, FSH, LH causing increase in estrogens and progesterone which is the cause for menstrual cycle. This increase is responsible for proliferation of epithelium, duct and stroma. These changes may lead to Aberration in normal development of breast and involution of breast, causing majority of benign breast disorder. These disorders may convert into disease if untreated. Exaggerated response to hormones oestrogen causes development of single or multiple proliferatory breast diseases such as fibroadnenoma which is benign solid mobile mass which has both fibrous and glandular part.11 Fibroadenoma of more than 10 cm are termed as phylloids tumor owing to shape it attains due to large size. Sometimes the changes have proliferation of ducts, lobules, interlobular and inter lobular stroma leading to fibrous changes with cystic changes commonly termed fibrocystic disease. 13 Such proliferation may have atypical hyperplasia including ductal and lobular hyperplasia, which has increased risk for development of carcinoma in future. Apart from this, multifocal lesions with calcification increase many fold risk.6,7.8 Then there are symptoms of nipple. As a developmental defect there may be nipple inversion which may present as subareolar abscess in later age. During involution phase there is ductal involution causing ductal ectasia if not treated can lead to periductal mastitis or may sometimes have atypical hyperplasia.6 During lactation the breast undergoes many dynamic changes and if there is problem in expression of milk there may be occurrence of breast abscess. If not treated adequately may lead to chronic breast abscess, antibioma and milk sinus. To certain the diagnosis of usually neglected and underestimated disease there is a huge role of histopathology and imaging technologies. With the help of histopathology proliferatory , non proliferatory disorders and diseases, breast cyst and other pathologies such as tuberculosis and lipoma can be detected. 20 There is a role of microbial culture in diagnosis of infectious disease. Similarly ultrasonography is helpful in diagnosis and in management also.13,22 Triple assessment test, which include clinical examination imaging and histopathology examination is the gold standard approach to the diagnosis though elderly females may require mammography.20,21,22 We have conducted study to determine the frequency of the disease, to analyze the role of triple assessment and to know implication in management. 13,15 16 METHOD Our study was conducted for one year in Jan 2013 to Dec 2013, under unit 3 Dept. of Surgery, Hamidia Hospital, Gandhi Medical College. We included all the patients coming to surgery OPD with breast complaints.14 Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Patients were recorded under following points: History, Clinical examination FNAC of all palpable lumps, nodularities was done. In patients where there was dilemma trucut biopsy was done. Microbial examination and abscess wall biopsy was done in all case of breast abscess and antibiomas. USG, mammography Imaging was done. In our setup, USG was the most accessible radiographic investigation available. All the patients were subjected to USG to locate and know the lesion but in doubtful cases mammosonography was done. Age varied from 12-50 years hence 4 groups were made: 12-20 years 20-30 years 30 -40 years 40 and above RESULT: In first age group the most common complaint was lump in one of the breast or both. Most of these patients did not have complaints of pain. It was followed by lump with pain. We did not have any patients with complaint of nipple discharge in this group.15,16,17 In second group most common complaint was lump in breast with pain and bilateral generalized breast pain without lump and nodularity which were grouped under mastalgia. The third group was lesser in number. They were mainly having complaints of lump, fever and pain. There were very few patients in fourth group and complaints were that of pain and nipple discharge. In total there were 148 patients with lump and out of which 62 were that of fibroadenoma, 4 patients of fibroadenoma were of size more than 10 cm hence labelled as phylloid. Most of the fibroadenoma were unilateral and only 7 patients had bilateral adenomas. 5,12 There were 40 patients who were diagnosed as fibroadenosis. All patients underwent FNAC one patient showed atypical hyperplasia. 6,7,8 After this, the next common diagnosis was that of breast abscess which was common in lactating females. The diagnosis which worried us the most was that of tuberculosis of breast. We found 10 cases of this disease presenting as chronic and recurrent breast abscess, showed mycobacterium tuberculi in culture.1 8 We also found 6 patients of antibioma and 2 patients of galactocoele. There were patients of ductal ectasia and one patient of lipoma and one of breast cyst. Patients having significant symptoms of pain but not found with any lesion on radiographic investigation were labeled as mastalgia. Out of 7 only 3 were cyclical and rest were not related to cycle. 15,16,17 MANAGEMENT- Out of 62 patients of fibroadenoma, there were 18 patients with lesion less than 2 cm as detected clinically and confirmed by ultrasonography .these patients were treated conservatively.22 Surgery was proposed to all other 44 patients 40 patients consented for surgery and were operated, in all these excision was done under anesthesia.12 We registered 40 patients of fibroadenosis, in 6 patients excision of the most painful and noduler area was done rest of the patients were treated conservatively by oral medication of evening prime rose oil and vitamin E. In patients not getting relieved by above, Danazol which is an anti gonadotrophin was found useful. As it is having androgenic effects non compliance was observed in most of the patients. In one patient with FNAC showing atypical hyperplasia excision of affect quadrant with subsequent follow-up was done by series of mammography. As patient with atypical hyperplasia, multi focal lesion with calcifications have many fold increased risk for developing carcinoma 6,7,8 Patient was subjected risk reduction strategies like yearly mammography, stopping oral contraceptive pills and hormone replacement therapy if any.6,7 In patients with mastalgia cyclic or non cyclic patients are treated with conservative manner by life style modification, eating low fat diet and avoiding caffeine. After ruling out infection pt responds well to NSAID and Danazol. Simple breast cyst was treated with aspiration.22 All 12 the patients of breast abscess were treated by surgical ID. microbial examinations were done all the cases.21,23 10 patients came history of presence of lump and pain and low grade fever and malaise, on ultrasonography showed hypo echoic lesion suggestive of abscess showed presence of mycobacterium tuberculi in abscess wall biopsy and were treated by anti tubercular treatment.18 Patient with antibioma were treated in conservative manner in lactating women where as in non lactating open drainage and curettage was done. There were two patients of galactocoele and one of breast cyst in which aspiration was done. One patient of breast lump after excision biopsy was diagnosed as lipoma. All the patients with complaints of nipple discharge underwent cytological examination of discharged fluid. There was one patient of ductal ectasia which on ultra sonogrphy showed ductal pappiloma for which microdochectomy was done. Patients with bilateral breast pain with cyclic nodularity were diagnosed as mastalgia. These patients underwent series of ultrasonography but no focal lesion was found. In patients with mastalgia cyclic or non cyclic patients are treated with conservative manner by life style modification, eating low fat diet and avoiding caffeine. Patient responds well to NSAID and Danazol. DISCUSSION: When a female notices breast lesion she undergoes great degree of anxiety due to apprehension of gruesome carcinoma which causes breast lose and most fearful disfigurement.1.3.4 Benign breast diseases are much more common than malignant lesions but the aggressive nature of carcinoma takes the precedence of the worry.9 Thus it the most important priority of surgeon to reach up to a definite diagnosis and once the carcinoma is excluded the patient should be reassured and educated for further follow up.10,23 It is also there for prolonged period of time and requires counseling and reassurance apart from definitive treatment. Triple assessment test is essential for the patients with complaints of breast diseases.19 Any clinical or suspicious lesion requires pathological diagnosis. Patients with proliferatory disease without atypia have very little risk of breast cancer but patients with atypia have substantial great risk of breast cancer.6 The common age group for BBD is younger age group, who have less say in the family. The symptoms are considered trivial and discomfort converts in pain. FNAC had high predictive value. In our study there was high sensitivity to fibroadenoma. 12,19The poor sensitivity to fibroadenosis is due to poor cellular aspirate. Frequent FNAC were required some times as the disadvantage of scaring of excision biopsy and damage to ductal system architecture was not acceptable.21,22,23 In studies done by Abhijit M. G. in rural area of karnatak, India in year 2009- 2011 there is high incidence of fibroadenoma, total pt were 110, 68 underwent exicision( 61.8%)of which 60 (88.2%) were fibroadenoma. In Pakistan study done by Batool et al at Lahore, out of 63 patients of BBD there were 38 patients of fibroadenoma. In our study there were 41.9% of fibroadenoma out of that 29.03 % of cases were less than 2 cm and were treated conservatively were as in 70.9 % of cases were proposed surgery but only 64.6 % of patient got operated. There were 25.9% cases of fibroadenosis. In above studies there less incidence of tuberculosis which is 6.2% in our study. This the matter of concern and required more follow ups. In developing country especially in rural area the treatment of breast disease poses lots of problem care system due to social stigma, illiteracy poverty and lack of availability of authentic health care system. CONCLUSION The disease of breast which is concluded to be benign may be trivial for family members but it imposes substantial anxiety and affected day to day life of sufferers.9,23 The mean age affected was 32. The common benign breast disorder which we came across is fibroadenoma which is more common in young age.12,19,23 They are best treated surgically though small sized can be managed conservatively with good follow up. The disease variant of this disorder phylloids tumor needs more diagnostic confirmations to rule out malignancy, excision and follow-ups. Fibroadenosis and mastalgia patients suffer more as there is no surgical cure and the conservative management is not very affective. Anti gonadotrophins due to androgenic side effects are not tolerated well. Anti oestrogen drugs also do not have good compliance due to systemic side effects like flushing and nausea and vomiting as they are to be consumed for prolonged period of time. Periodic NSAID and lifestyle management was more accepted. Infectious disease were found commonly in lactating females Main concern were patients of tuberculosis which are 6.28 % of all patients and much higher in no. than other studies we came across. 18This was more common in age group of 20-30 yrs. Though all mentioned patient were treated completely to our satisfaction. With senescence, there was complaint of nipple discharge in elderly patients due to ductal ectasia and periductal mastits. It required more detailed and dedicated approach so as to rule out the carcinoma which is higher in this age group. Thus benign breast disease has good prognosis but requires thorough investigations and management for desired results.9 References 18 Mehta G, Mittal A, Verma S. Breast Tuberculosis Clinical Spectrum and Management. Indian J Surg 2010;72:433- 19 Lopez-Ferrer P, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Vicandi B, Ortega L, Viguer JM. Fine needle aspiration cytology of breast fibroadenoma: a cytohistologic correlation study of 405 cases. Acta Cytologica 1999;43:579- 20 . Park IA, Ham EK. Fine needle aspiration cytology of palpable breast lesions. Acta Cytologica 1997;41:1131- 21. Iglehart JK, Smith BL. Diseases of the breast. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 18th ed. India: Elsevier; 2008:858-61. 22 Thomas JM, Fitzharris BM, Redding WH, Williams JE, Trott PA, Powles TJ, et al. Clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of breast tumours. Br Med J 1978;21:1139-412 23 Srivatsava A, Dhar A. Benign Breast Disease: A neglected entity. Recent Advances in Surgery 2006;10:175-2011. TABLE NO 1 ETIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTIONS CHART 1 OPERATIVE AND CONSERVATIVE TABLE NO 2 AGE DISTRIBUTION CHART 2 SPECTRUM OF DISEASE

emergence of the internet Essay -- essays research papers

The Internet and the emergence of the Internet news media are affecting the delivery of media content. Many argue that the traditional media is changing the way they report the news. Internet news sites are also affecting the types of stories that gain the most attention because in this day and age people want news that is entertaining. The delivery of media is changing rapidly because of the Internet and it’s easy access to it. In the world of journalism there has always been traditional rules that are followed before any information is dispersed to the public. Some of the most common rules to be followed include checking and crosschecking sources, following the standards of editing, language and grammar. The new technology of the Internet is geared toward speed, an aspect that has always been an important part of journalism, but not always the most important part. Traditional journalism sorts the good information from bad. With the invention of the Internet, information is posted immediately and sources are not always confirmed. When the radio was invented Americans were really impressed by it and how the news was available at all hours. Soon. Twenty-four hour news networks were developed and news was delivered every hour on the hour, but still that wasn’t enough for the general public. Eventually news oriented World Wide Web sites began to be created. These sites number in the thousands and continue to grow rapidly. As we speak and begin to take in the volume of information, people are developing methods to bring the news faster to people at home, in the office or on the go. In ancient times news would be broadcasted at certain hours on television with broadcasters and a weatherman. Now it seems that soon this is going to be out dated and all we need to do is click a button and right in front of your face is the latest news stories. Another traditional way news was delivered was a newspaper. Today people are realizing that it’s expensive to print and deliver a quality paper in high fidelity to your home. There is also limited space where stories can be written and advertisers are able to put in ads. The Internet is endless, space is abundant and availability is infinite. Journalists have come to realize that it’s much easier to make one page of content on the web then to have it printed up. Newspapers are willing to give up accuracy for the speed ... ...he emergence of the Internet can have its downside also. Many times you can have a problem signing on or the news site that you wanted to explore could be down or under construction. Web sites track what users do as they click from page to page which can be a disadvantage to viewing these sites. They can direct a site to provide personalized layouts, shopping carts, and search options each time you return to the site. They can alert advertisers to put specific customized ads tied to your interests on the pages you visit. That is some down falls to using the Internet, but no matter how you look at it there are down falls to everything no body is perfect. The Internet is taking over all of are lives. No matter where we look we see something that relates to the Internet. It’s taking all the old customs of news reporting and creating all new ones. The emergence of the Internet has made news reporting a lot easier and accessible for the public. The world of media is accepting that the Internet is the next step in reporting and realizing that most college students are getting the news online. News media is going to be a changing culture because of all the new ways to deliver stories.

Behavior Description Interview Essay

You have invested the time of several experienced employees and a good deal of expense to interview a number of promising entry-level accountants. However, you wonder if your interviewing techniques are really helping you hire the job candidates that will be superior performers and help your organization remain profitable. Your concerns may be justified if you are using a typical interviewing strategy in which there is no standard set of questions or a strategy in which interview questions do not explicitly focus on the past behavior of the applicant. Yet, there is an alternative. Studies in human-resource management suggest that behavior description interviewing may help you identify better performers from the rest of the applicants PRINCIPLES OF THE BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION INTERVIEW The first principle of the Behavior Description (BD) interview is interviewers standardize or structure the interview. The most important aspect of standardization is asking applicants the same or highly Similar questions. This allows all applicants to have a chance to provide information about certain job-related concerns and allows interviewers to compare similar types of information. The alternative of each interviewer asking their own questions will have your organization comparing apples and oranges when trying to make hiring decisions. Often this leads to lower quality hiring decisions. An organization may also seek to standardize the location of the interview, the individual who conducts the interview, etc. Any efforts to ensure similar treatment of applicants should be encouraged. An additional benefit of standardizing interview questions is that the interview is more defensible in court. In the past, organizations that had standardized questions won employment discrimination lawsuits more often than those without standardized questions. The second principle of BD interviewing is to explicitly focus on past behavior. BD enthusiasts believe that past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior. They also believe more recent behavior is a better predictor of future behavior than older behavior and that longstanding trends are better predictors of behavior than isolated incidents. The belief in the effectiveness of using past behavior to predict future behavior leads BD interviewers to ask certain questions. These questions use a superlative adjective (e.g. most, least, toughest, etc.) to focus the applicant on one particular incident of behavior. For example, accounting firms need staff members who are willing to address both internal and client problems. To gather relevant information about an applicant, a BD interviewer might ask the applicant to â€Å"tell me about the last time a new idea of yours helped an organization or group work better.† The interviewer might also be ready with follow-up questions such as â€Å"how did you develop this idea,† â€Å"how did you convince your supervisor or client to adopt it,† and â€Å"how did it help the organi zation?† The follow-up questions may be answered as the applicant discusses a particular situation, but their presence alerts the interviewer that this information is important. In another instance, accounting professionals are often called upon to make presentations to groups such as audit committees or boards of directors. Accordingly, an interviewer might ask a job candidate to â€Å"tell me about the most difficult presentation you have ever had to make to a group of five or more people.† Probes might include â€Å"what was the presentation about,† â€Å"how did you prepare for it,† and â€Å"was the presentation evaluated or graded?† In each case, the BD approach to interviewing should yield a large amount of high quality information to the interviewer and can help the somewhat anxious applicant have a particular incident to discuss. The BD approach to interviewing can be strongly contrasted with more typical interviewing strategies. First, typical strategies suggest interviewers â€Å"let candidates take the interview where they want to,† â€Å"go with the flow,† or let the interviewee talk about any subject they desire so that you can best assess their personality. While this advice is encountered frequently, it is highly inaccurate. Studies contrasting BD interviewing to this approach show that the BD interview does a much better job of predicting job performance. In addition, studies that statistically combine the results of 10,000+ interviews from many smaller studies strongly suggest that various styles of interviews that standardize questions or other aspects of the interview work much better than the nonstandardized interview styles. Second, BD interviewing seeks to avoid making judgments of applicants’ personalities. Assessing personality characteristics in a 345 minute interview would be highly difficult for a psychologist. As a result, many professionals rely on well established tests to measure personality–they are cheaper to use and much more accurate. Additionally, many personality characteristics do not have a history of predicting job success. Currently, many human resource management professionals believe intelligence and dependability do differentiate higher performers from lower performers. Extroversion, considered by many to be a positive trait for auditing personnel, also differentiates higher versus lower performers in some situations. Other traits should be viewed with caution until they clearly are shown to relate to job performance. Care should also be taken in trying to match the personality type of an applicant to the personality of the office. While it is extremely difficult to measure either of the above, it is also potentially hazardous. The solution to this problem is to avoid using most personality traits and ask applicants about past behavior that may be similar to behavior required on the job. Finally, the BD interviewer tries to avoid hypothetical and self evaluative questions. In most cases, there is little evidence to suggest that most hypothetical questions actually distinguish between better and poorer performing individuals. This may be due to the difficulty of injecting enough â€Å"reality† in the situation to make it a good predictor of job success. Self-evaluative questions such as â€Å"describe yourself† or â€Å"are you computer literate† also have no history of predicting job performance. In addition, they ask the applicant to do your job for you. You should decide how competent applicants are in a particular area since you are worried about their contribution to your organization. Applicants’ answers are influenced to a large degree by their desire to land a job. BD interviews differ from situational interviews. Recent literature has confused the two approaches. While the BD interview focuses on past applicant behavior, the situational interview asks applicants how they would behave in future situations (extensive research is used to create real situations). The situational interview can also require different types of rating scales to be used at the end of the interview. While there are several differences between BD interviewing, situational interviewing, and typical interviews, there are also similarities. BD interviewers also believe it is important to break the ice with applicants, that they should ask for an applicant’s preferred name, that they should take notes, and they should close the interview in a professional manner. These guidelines are important in any style of interview. STEPS TO CONSTRUCTING A BD INTERVIEW Three steps should be used to develop a BD interview. They are illustrated in the following hypothetical example involving the hiring of entry-level accountants in a CPA . Interviewers need to analyze the job and determine the key results areas. Key results areas are the major tasks or behaviors that an entry-level accountant must be able to accomplish. Key results areas may be defined by many different strategies including a discussion among recruiters, managers, and partners. Key results areas might include: 1. Communicate with other individuals-a. In verbal and written forms with other accountants including supervisors and peers; b. In verbal and written forms with clients; 2. Diagnoses organizational problems; 3. Recommend solutions to organizational problems; and 4. Use common computer software (e.g., spreadsheet programs, data retrieval software, on-line services, or tax-preparation packages). The above behaviors or tasks should be examined to determine the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that will enable them to be accomplished. Thus, an entry-level accountant should have: 1. Written communication skills to interact through letters and reports to clients and other accountants; 2. Verbal communication skills to communicate with clients and other accountants (not necessarily including making presentations to large groups); 3. Ability to diagnose problems in complex situations; 4. Ability to solve problems individually and in groups; 5. Ability to attend to large amounts of detail; 6. Ability to manage multiple tasks; 7. Knowledge of common software programs; The KSAs required lead to a selection plan that involves a series of BD questions. In this example it is assumed that there will be two interviews: a recruiting interview at the school and an invitation to the firm’s office. To evaluate the candidate’s KSAs the following questions and probes might be used. 1 Written communication skills a. Ask for a sample of writing from a professional or educational setting before the second interview. 2. Verbal communication skills: a. Watch for verbal communication skills throughout each interview and rate them at the end of the first and second interviews. 3. Ability to diagnose problems in complex situations: a. Tell me about the last time you recognized a problem in an organization in which you were involved. * How did you recognize the problem? * How did you study the problem? * How did you determine a solution to the problem? b. Tell me about a time in the last year in which you were gathering information from a person who was being uncoopeative. * What was the situation? * Why were they being uncooperative? * How did you feel? * How did you get the information you needed? * What was the result in this situation? 4. Ability to solve problems individually and in groups/teams: a. What was the most successful solution that you and a group of other individuals developed to a particular problem? * What was the problem? * What was your role? * What was the result of your solution? b. What is the toughest problem that you as an individual have solved in an educational or work setting? * What was the problem? * What was the result of your solution? 5. Ability to attend to large amounts of detail: a. Tell me about the last time when you had to gather large amounts of information to complete a project. *What was the project? *How did you organize the details? * What was the end result? * Did anyone assign you a grade for the project? b. Which class of yours required the most attention to detail. Please tell me how you dealt with the demands of the class. * How did it require attention to detail? * What was your strategy to deal with the detail? *What was the result? 6. Ability to manager multiple tasks: a. Tell me about how you managed your school work and extracircular activities during your busiest semester. * What made the semester so busy? * Did you have any priorities? * Where there any strategies that helped you cope? * How did the semester turn out (in terms of grades, activities, etc.)? b. Tell me about the last time you had to â€Å"juggle† several different responsibililties when you held a job. * What were the responsibilities? * Did you have any priorities? * Where there any strategies that helped you cope? 7. Knowledge of computer software programs: a. Please tell us about the most involved computer project that you have been involved with in school or in an organization. * What software was involved? * What was your role? * What was the result or grade? 4. Please tell us about the last time you learned a new piece of software. * What did it help you accomplish? * How did you learn it? * Did you enjoy the experience? c. Please tell us about any time that you used a spreadsheet program such as Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, or Excel. * Was individually or a group? *What did you need to accomplish? * What was the result or grade? Once the questions are developed, recruiters should organize the questions and probes into some logical order on an interview form. The form may provide reminders to greet the applicant warmly and any other reminders desired by the recruiters. It should definitely leave enough room for notes about the answer to each question. These notes can be extremely helpful when recruiters are trying to remember the remarks of each person recently interviewed. We recommend that recruiters practice with the new interviewing form. Recruiters may pair off and take turns playing the interviewer and the applicant, or they may wish to enlist a student to go through an interview. The trial interviews could be recorded on a video camera. The feedback from the video playback is often a very valuable learning experience. Lastly, an interviewer evaluation report should be designed to record ratings for each candidate. The process is relatively simple once the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required by the job have been listed. We suggest that recruiters list all the KSAs down one side of the paper as seen in Figure 1. (Figure omitted) This will allow a systematic consideration of each applicant against job requirements. Next, recruiters should choose a rating scale. We have – chosen a five-point scale anchored by â€Å"very little† of the KSA on one end of the scale and ‘a great amount† on the other end of the scale Scales should have from five to seven points and anchors meaningful to the recruiters. A place for notes or comments and a set of simple instructions is also recommended. Finally, there should be a place for an overall evaluation of the candidate. There are several different methods which can be used to generate an overall evaluation score. A recruiter can make an overall evaluation of the candidate on the same scale used for each KSA. Unfortunately, past research has suggested that this method is not very reliable. Another option is presented in the figure on page 77. In this case the recruiters add their ratings to form a final evaluation. This approach is relatively simple and often yields final recommendations quite similar to more complex methods. Furthermore, individual KSA’s can be weighted differently. In this case, each KSA evaluation score could be multiplied by its weight. All scores would be summed to obtain an overall score For example, assume that the first four KSA’s in the figure were assigned weights of .2 and the last three KSA’s weights of .1. A candidate might be given a rating of 5 on the first two KSA’s and ratings of 4 on the other KSA’s. The candidate’s overall evaluation score would equal 4.8 (5 x .2 + 5 x 2+ 4 x .2 + 4 x 2 + 4 x .1+ 4 x .1+ 4 x .1). Either of the last two approaches is recommended. The authors would like to thank Paul Osting (Vice-Chairman, Human Resources, Ernst & Young, New York, NY), J. Breck Boynton (Director of Human Resources, Elliot, Davis, & Company, Greensville, SC) and Patricia G. Roth (Clemson University) for their comments and suggestions.

Night by elie weisel essays

Night by elie weisel essays The novel Night, by Elie Weisel, is a emotional-filled volume of a first person account of the horrors and unthinkable cruelty dealt to a innocent child during the holocaust. Critics throughout the world raved at this literary masterpiece calling it A Slim Volume Of Terrifying Power# and exclaiming To the best of my knowledge no one has left behind him so moving a record.# This truly horrific account is a must read for any young adult, and should be put onto reading lists worldwide indefinitely. This novel uses many accounts of symbolism to paint a vivid picture of death and to set a dreary atmosphere. Cold images of people being brutally beaten, towering chimneys used to burn family and friends symbolizing death and suffering, German SS officers symbolizing fear to all that succumbs to them. Right next to us the high chimney of the crematory oven rose up. It no longer made any impression on us. It scarcely attracted our attention, this line symbolizes the loss of hope and extremely low moral these refugees became to know as life. This book was written in a very descriptive style, taking full advantage of his first-person experience to write with gruesome detail. The writer uses descriptive sentences to immerse the reader in the experience. Another key aspect of technique in his writing is his use of rhetorical questions. Where is the divine mercy? Where is god? How can I believe, how can anyone believe, in this merciful god?, is a line containing three rhetorical questions used to work on a readers emotion. Major characters in the story are Eliser, Moshe the Beadle, and Elisers father. Eliser is the main charactor and author of the book. The novel follows young Eliser through the ups and downs of his visits through the concentration camps. He is a timid young man, not well educated and not emotionally equipped for this journey. Moshe the Beadle is a charac...

Free Essays on Service Learing

Coaching at Deer Park Elementary School My service - learning project was working with elementary school students (grades k – 5) at Deer Park Elementary School in the Physical Education department. Going into this project I thought it was going to be a breeze and that my leadership skills were going to just erupt and shine right away. This assumption turned out to be far from right. My first time out to the school I was a little timid and shy. I was basically just sitting back and doing what the P.E. coach told me to. I wasn’t really interacting with the kids as much as I wanted to and I also think that I wasn’t interacting as much as they wanted me to either. My leadership skills were turning inside me just waiting to burst out but for some reason I wasn’t letting them. My second visit to the school I was like a whole different person. I had the feel for everything and everybody around me. I was much more active and interactive with the students. While I was working with the students I was not only displaying my leadership skills but I was also building close relationships with them. â€Å"There can be no friendship without confidence and no confidence without integrity† –Samuel Johnson (Covey 185). This quote is very true. Confidence is the key word in this quote. When a person has confidence in themselves as well as the others around them it makes for a good solid relationship. That quote not only made my confidence level rise it helped me understand how I could relate to the kids without necessarily having to be an authority figure. I told myself while entering this project that the first thing I will do is try to get the students to respect me as a person. The reason I wanted to do that first was so the students would trust me later in the class when I had to help them with drills and athletic skills. I also wanted them to be able to talk to me as if I was just another one of their friends and not a s... Free Essays on Service Learing Free Essays on Service Learing Coaching at Deer Park Elementary School My service - learning project was working with elementary school students (grades k – 5) at Deer Park Elementary School in the Physical Education department. Going into this project I thought it was going to be a breeze and that my leadership skills were going to just erupt and shine right away. This assumption turned out to be far from right. My first time out to the school I was a little timid and shy. I was basically just sitting back and doing what the P.E. coach told me to. I wasn’t really interacting with the kids as much as I wanted to and I also think that I wasn’t interacting as much as they wanted me to either. My leadership skills were turning inside me just waiting to burst out but for some reason I wasn’t letting them. My second visit to the school I was like a whole different person. I had the feel for everything and everybody around me. I was much more active and interactive with the students. While I was working with the students I was not only displaying my leadership skills but I was also building close relationships with them. â€Å"There can be no friendship without confidence and no confidence without integrity† –Samuel Johnson (Covey 185). This quote is very true. Confidence is the key word in this quote. When a person has confidence in themselves as well as the others around them it makes for a good solid relationship. That quote not only made my confidence level rise it helped me understand how I could relate to the kids without necessarily having to be an authority figure. I told myself while entering this project that the first thing I will do is try to get the students to respect me as a person. The reason I wanted to do that first was so the students would trust me later in the class when I had to help them with drills and athletic skills. I also wanted them to be able to talk to me as if I was just another one of their friends and not a s...

Software Project Fails Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Project Fails - Research Paper Example What is the real situation? Determining whether the opinions of those criticizing software projects are facts, I take a firsthand account of a software project that never saw the end of it. United Kingdom is one country that appreciates technology therefore making software crisis a norm in the region. NHS Connecting for health is part of the countries Department of health formed on 1st April 2005 replacing the then formed NHS Information Authority. The NHS Connecting for health had the task of the national programme for IT (NPfIT), an initiative by the government to move the National Health Service in England towards a centrally-mandated electronic care records for patients. It was also expected to connect 300,000 general practitioners to 300 hospitals, providing a safe and audited access to these records by authorized professionals. A project that would really boost the medical sector in England, the contracts for the NPfIT spine project was awarded in December 2003. NHS Connecting for Health ceased to exist on March 31, 2013 and software crisis was to blame. The cost of the project is estimated at  £12.4 billion according to the national office of statistics; it begun in 2000 and was due for completion in 2010. The project was to; create the NHS Care Records Service, which handles the spine database and create the Choose and Book system that would allow patients book their appointments with Doctors via their PCs (personal computers). It was also tasked to come up with a national broadband IT network to upgrade the then used infrastructure and create an IT support for the Personnel including the Quality Management and Analysis System (QMAS). The programme divided England into five regions called Clusters southern, London, Eastern, North West, West Midlands and the North East. Every cluster had a local service provider and a company contracted to deliver the services. The project was the largest civilian IT project and it was decided to

Constitutional law of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Constitutional law of the European Union - Essay Example The cited law is usually referred by the judiciary of the member states. Where the laws of member states do not provide due rights, the EU law can be enforced through courts of member states. If it is transposed into the laws of member states e.g. Directives, then European Commission can initiate proceedings against the member state at fault under the EC Treaty. The Court of Justice of the EU is the apex court to interpret the laws where required. The supplementary sources of EU law are backed by the case laws, international and the common principles of EU law2. Research Questions 1. Looking at all relevant sources of EU law can your client rely on any cause of action in the UK courts under EU law? 2. Should the UK Supreme Court make a preliminary reference to the CJEU over the interpretation of the term â€Å"armed forces†? 3. The Supreme Court in January 2013 confirms the Court of Appeal’s judgment. Can your client claim damages for the UK’s infringement of his EU law rights under Directive 2000/78/EC and general principles? 4. How can your client challenge the adoption of Regulation 2010/666/EU in the CJEU and its validity before the domestic courts? Research Methodology In this paper, it is planned to conduct a literature review with the support of internet research and manually found books on European Union Law. Literature review comes under the category of qualitative research. In a number of researches, we have seen literature review as part of introduction section whereas most of the professors prefer a detailed review separately. The literature review contains many important functions such as it ensures not to re-introduce the things, gives credit where the credit is due, demonstrates thorough knowledge relating to research problem, informs research issues concerning research questions, assists in the ability to critically evaluate concerned information, supports to integrate the literature in vogue, provides new insights of the co nceptual framework for research and finally, ensures that the researcher should be capable of influencing reader’s mind about the new research that carries value added information3. Qualitative Research is well established. Qualitative research enables the research to scrutinize already available literature on the topic related to the research. Literature review is a sort of qualitative research. Internet research is a very useful information tool to gather information of all sorts whether general or specific. It provides focused and purposeful information; the sources are internet-based resources (appropriate forum for discussion to the literary personnel) and it provides immediate access to desired information. A variety of information on each and every subject is available on the Internet, which provides great help to the researchers in their research work. The internet information is not confined to researchers only. Any one (students, teachers, doctors, engineers, scient ists, journalists etc.,) can access to the information4. Keywords Used Keywords play an important role in a research assignment. Once they are in place, they can be used to discover the untapped opportunities.